Historical Perspective of Ethics of Care Free Essays

string(115) " to us to make our own morality, in that case one is better than other, this is the matter of personal preference\." There is vague and indescribable meaning is attached with the word care, which is interchangeably used for caring, compassion, humanitarianism, altruism, beneficence, or philanthropy. â€Å"For where there is love of man (philanthropia)’, reads a famous passage in the pseudo-Hippocratic treatise Precepts (Precepts, 6),†there is also love of the art (philotechnia)[1]. The term â€Å"philanthropia’, means literally ‘Love of Mankind, original meaning of the word was the benevolence of the god for man, this is the term used for Care. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Perspective of Ethics of Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sir William Osler saw in this maxim evidence of Greek physician’s ‘love of humanity associated with the love of his craft-philanthropia and philotechnia-the joy of working joined in each one to a true love of his brother. ’[2] Plato, in the Republic (Republic, 340, C-347 A) raised a question on self- interest is the motive behind all human efforts, especially political activity. Galen, in a work entitled on the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, discusses this specific passage from the Republic, after summarizing it he mentions â€Å"Some pursue the medical art for the sake of money, others for the exemptions granted by law, certain ones on account of Philanthropia, just as others for the glory or honor attached to the art. Hellenistic and roman thoughts on philosophic and popular ethics were also influenced by the humanitarian and cosmopolitan ideas. After the for the century before Christ the word philanthropic came to used the expression of comprehensive love of mankind and a common feeling of humanity. This may be the result of Alexander’s conquest of the East or for lessening importance of individualism of the fourth century. Edelstein quotes that the morality of outward performance characteristics of the classical era was now supplemented by the inner intention. The word Philoanthropia is frequently used by Christen writers but not mentioned that often in new Testament, the word used is agape meaning ‘God is love’. There is gap between these two words as the dynamic of Ethics. Christen Philanthropy means practice of love, mercy and justice are vital element in the worship of God (Micah 6:6-8). Henry Sigerist has viewed about Christianity, he writes’ the most revolutionary and decisive change in the attitude of society towards sick. Christianity came into the world as the religion of healing, as the joyful Gospel of redeemer and of Redemption. It addressed itself to the disinherited, to the sick and afflicted, and promised them healing, a restoration both spiritual and physical. It became the duty of Christian to attend the sick and the poor of the community’. Here the word â€Å"Care’ has got its meaning. Rannan Gillion’s statement ‘Mature medical morality has since Hippocratic times incorporated at its centre a moral concern for nurturing and care for its sick patients; meeting the needs of sick patients has been the moral driving force of medical ethics since its inception. Lord Walton describes how Christianity decisively influences the Hippocratic tradition. Doctor-Patient relationship was taught all by Hippocrates, Socrates, Palto and Aristotle. The fundamental to this concept of Doctor- Patient relationship was the concept of philia, used both for the art of medicine and patient. Based on the same idea, this was further developed by the Greek doctor, the relationship developed for the patients that was first influenced first by the love of mankind and second by love of his art of medicine. Despite the belief, there was differential treatment for people based on their status, care to the patient was abstract, not the individual patient, Greeks only seemed to consider discussions on life style and cause of disease to benefit the rich, this was not appropriate for poor and slaves. This was thought that it was unethical to treat deadly disease, for this challenge nature and the doctor would risk paying the penalty. Thus in the Hippocratic tradition the doctor did not treat the incurably sick or terminally ill and he made the judgment in that no doctor would treat anyone leading an immoral life. But in Christianity love for man in nature was transformed into love for thy neighbor and doctor was to treat all patients irrespective of class, stratus, and ability to pay. The work of doctors also involved the care for all sick and consolation of the terminally ill. So Care was a prerequisite for both the development of nursing and medicine, which embraces the quit essential purpose of care. Murdoch perceives to be the warmth and coldness in the morality; it is there are Buber’s I and Thou, which has rejected by Noddings. The detached rationality of duty and responsibility is held together with the warmth of love and compassion by virtue of their meeting in God. Buber argued giant Carl Rogers, in a professional relationship, in which one partner has needs which other does not, in which one person comes for help to others, the genuineness of relationship depends upon the maturity which is greater than both partners. The relationship with care taker and giver can be temporary and unequal, necessary detachment is its strength . security and protection for the vulnerable. Objectivity and necessary detachment need to be combined and balanced with the subjectivity and warmth of fellow feeling as true compassion. Here is the meaning of agape, the Judeo-Christian concept of altruistic love, stemming from the all-embracing Thou, the root of Buber’s understanding for the me and the you in human relationship. Kant also does not escape the grounding of Judaeo-Christian tradition. His view of morality is influenced by it. Kant although chooses to try and escape the theological imperative and ground his categorical imperative in human rationality alone, as a result of this his moral position could not be grounded. We need to question both extentialist, Noddings and rationalist Kant about † why’, why should we care? Nietzsche asked the same to Kant’s approach. If our moral outlook is independent of external and objective norms-or perhaps s Gilligan suggests, we become more mature and less abolitionist in our moral understanding – then the effect it is up to us to make our own morality, in that case one is better than other, this is the matter of personal preference. You read "Historical Perspective of Ethics of Care" in category "Papers" Nietzsche emphasized on personal empowerment, by getting rid of all the constraints of traditional morality that held them back fr om actualizing their true potentials. . As per them, God is Myth, so the idea of morality influenced by the outdated notion should be thrown off. The restriction imposed by the Judaeo-Christian should also be thrown off and one new to take his/her life the way one wants. Nietzsche calls for re-definition of the values and concept of care. As per their view ‘ The sick man is a parasite of society. In a certain stage it is indecent to live longer. To go on vegetating in cowardly dependence on physician and machinations, after the meaning of life, the right to life, has been lost, that ought to prompt a profound contempt of society. It may be more ‘caring’ not to ‘care’. The view of re-shaping of the values of society and attitudes of the members of society is further elaborated by the modernist and post modernist philosophy from Heidegger to Foucault. Ethics of Care in Islam In Islam the ethics of care is discussed . Professor Serour, discussing the Islamic perspective, recalls that the first known documents dealing with medical ethics are Egyptian papyri (16th century BC) in which, as long the doctor followed the rules, they were held to be non- culpable, should the patient die. If the doctor transgressed the rules and the patient dies, the doctor paid with his life. Hammurabi set fees according to the social status of the patient. Codes were laid down for physicians and surgeons. Serour cautions those who presume to judge acts of others from a different culture. Ethics is based on moral, philosophic and religious principles of the society in which they are practised. Ethics may differ from one culture to another. He also counsels those with a strong religious background to differentiate between medical ethics and humanitarian considerations on the one hand and religious teachings and national laws on the other. What is legal might not be ethical. The law rarely establishes positive duties such as beneficence and can be, and is, used not only to deny justice but also to deny respect to persons and to do harm. Serour emphasises that ethical norms are guidelines. The context must govern judgement. He adds a fifth principle: The human being should not be subject to commercial exploitation. Islam is governed by the Sharia which, in turn is based, in chronological order, on the Holy Quran (the word of God), the Sunna and Hadith (sayings of the Prophet Mahomet developed by jurists), the unanimous opinion of Islamic scholars or Aimma (Igmaah) and finally, by analogy (Kias). If an instruction on a certain issue is provided in the Quran, it is the one to be followed. Islam permits flexibility, adaptation to the necessities of life and shifts in ethical stands based on the current culture. Dr. K. Zaki Hasan describes Unani medicine as a synthesis of the ancient Greek, Indian and Persian systems. Its practitioners, along with the teacher and cleric shared a common role and culture with a primary social, not monetary, objective. Indian philosophers on Ethics of care: Indian philosophers consider the ethical implications of the Indian classical theories of Karma(Action and Habit) These theories usually proposes rebirth – that is , reincarnation in a human or animal form, in this world rather world, Since, on the presumption of karma, the nature of one’s deeds determines one’s future state, the universe includes laws of moral payback. Indian classical philosophers weave numerous variations on such views into the overall stances, including Budhdhist,Vedantic, Logis and Carvaka views Ancient Indian thoughts, philosophy developed with rational synthesis , spirituality was the foundation of Indian culture. The fundamental basis of ethics arises from the Hindu belief that we all are art of the divine ‘Parmatman’. According to Vedas(4000 BC to 1000 BC), the call to love your neighbor as yourself is â€Å"because they neighbor is in in truth they very self and what seperates you from him is mere illusion(maya). Closely allied to Hinduism are Budhdhism and Jainsim. These religion proclaim â€Å"Ahimsa† as ‘Saarvatha sarvada sarvabutananz anabhidroha,’ a complete absence of ill-will to all beings. The ultimate aim is for our Atman to coalesce with Parmatman or Brahman to become one. According to the Vedas (4000 RC to 1000 BC), the call to love your neighbour as yourself is ‘because thy neighbour is in truth thy very self and what separates you from him is mere illusion (maya). ’ Closely allied to Hinduism are Jainism and Buddhism. These religions proclaim Ahimsa Paramo Dharma. Most important of all our actions is alzinzsn, non- violence. Patanjali defined ahimsa as Sarvatha sarvada sarvabutananz anabhidroha(1) , a complete absence of ill- will to all beings. Ayurveda is the ancient science of life. It lays down the principles of management in health and disease and the code of conduct for the physician. Charaka has described the objective of medicine as two fold; preservation of good health and combating disease. (2) Ayurveda emphasised the need for healthy life- style; cleanliness and purity, good diet, proper behaviour, and mental and physical discipline. Purity and cleanliness were to be observed in everything: jalasuddi (pure water), aharasuddi (clean food), dehasuddi (clean body), manasuddi (pure mind) and desasuddi (clean environment). Ayurveda calls upon the physician to treat the patient as a whole: ‘Dividho jayate vyadih, Sariro manasasthatha, Parasparanz tavorjanma, Nirdvadvam nopalahhyate. (Diseases occur both physically and mentally and even though each part might be dominant, they cannot be compartmentalised). Ayurveda treats man as a whole body, mind and what is beyond mind. The earliest protagonists of Indian Medicine, such as Atreya, Kashyapa, Bhela, Charaka and Susruta have based their writings on the foundations of spiritual philosophy and ethics. But the one teacher of Ayurveda who established the science on the foundation of spirituality and ethics was Vagbhata, the author of Astanga Hridaya(3) . Vagbhata says:Sukarthah sarvabutanam, Matah sarvah pravarthayah, Sukham ca na vina dharmat, thasmad dharmaparo bhavet_( All activities of man are directed to the end of attaining happiness, whereas happiness is never achieved without righteousness. It is the bounden duty of man to be righteous in his action). Charaka Samhita prescribes an elaborate code of conduct. The medical profession has to be motivated by compassion for living beings (bhuta- daya)â€Å". Charaka’s humanistic ideal becomes evident in his advice to the physicians’. He who practices not for money nor for caprice but out of compassion for living beings (bhuta- daya), is the best among all physicians. Hard is it to find a conferor of religious blessings comparable to the physician who snaps the snares of death for his patients. The physician who regards compassion for living beings as the highest religion fulfils his mission (sidhartah) and obtains the highest happiness. How to cite Historical Perspective of Ethics of Care, Papers

Tobacco Advertising Makes Young People Their Chief Target Essay Example For Students

Tobacco Advertising Makes Young People Their Chief Target Essay Tobacco Advertising Makes Young People Their Chief TargetEveryday 3,000 children start smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and18. These kids account for 90 percent of all new smokers. In fact, 90 percent ofall adult smokers said that they first lit up as teenagers (Roberts). Thesestatistics clearly show that young people are the prime target in the tobaccowars. The cigarette manufacturers may deny it, but advertising and promotionplay a vital part in making these facts a reality (Roberts). The kings of these media ploys are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses afictional western character called The Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel,a high-rolling, swinging cartoon character. Joe Camel, the smooth characterfrom R.J. Reynolds, who is shown as a dromedary with complete style has beenattacked by many Tobacco-Free Kids organizations as a major influence on thechildren of America. Dr. Lonnie Bristow, AMA (American Medical Association)spokesman, remarks that to kids, cute cartoon characters mean that the productis harmless, but cigarettes are not harmless. They have to know that their adsare influencing the youth under 18 to begin smoking(Breo). Researchers at theMedical College of Georgia report that almost as many 6-year olds recognize JoeCamel as know Mickey Mouse (Breo). That is very shocking information for anyparent to hear. The industry denies that these symbols target people under 21 and claim thattheir advertising goal is simply to promote brand switching and loyalty. Manypeople disagree with this statement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin whostates If we can reduce the number of young smokers, the tobacco companieswill be in trouble and they know it (Roberts). So what do the tobacco companiesdo to keep their industry alive and well? Seemingly, they go toward a marketthat is not fully aware of the harm that cigarettes are capable of. U.S. News recently featured a discussion of the smoking issue with 20teenagers from suburban Baltimore. The group consisted of ten boys and ten girlsbetween the ages of 15 and 17. When asked why they started smoking, they gavetwo contradictory reasons: They wanted to be a part of a peer group. They alsowanted to reach out and rebel at the same time. When you party, 75 to 90percent of the kids are smoking. It makes you feel like you belong, says DevonHarris, a senior at Woodlawn High. Teens also think of smoking as a sign ofindependence. The more authority figures tell them not to smoke, the more likelythey are to pick up the habit (Roberts). The surprising thing is that these kidsknow that they are being influenced by cigarette advertising. If these kids know that this advertising is manipulating them, why do theystill keep smoking? The ads are everywhere, especially in teen-orientedmagazines, such as Rolling Stone and Spin. The ads also fuel some of the reasonsthe children gave for starting. They represent rebellion, independence,acceptance and happiness. These are all the things a young person, betweenchildhood and adolescence, needs and desires. This type of advertising, on topof peer pressure, is the mystery behind the rise in adolescent smoking. How do we stop the future of America from smoking? Here are three thingsthat the experts recommend. Try to convince your children that smoking is notcool. Talk to your kids at a young age about the dangers of smoking. Identifyfamily members who smoke and ask them to stop (Thomas). Children are the most valuable commodity we are given in life. Lets try toeducate them while theyre young to be independent thinkers and to not be swayedby the tobacco companies who are trying to take advantage of their mind and body. .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 , .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 .postImageUrl , .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 , .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732:hover , .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732:visited , .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732:active { border:0!important; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732:active , .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732 .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9dd4dd96c72eaf4de839da07a94d732:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Its Illegal to be Homeless EssayWorks CitedBill Clinton vs. Joe Camel. U.S. News World Report. 2 Sep. 1996: 12. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Selling Tobacco to Kids. America. 17 Feb. 1996: 3. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Roberts, Steven. Teens on tobacco; kids smoke for reasons all their own. U.S. News World Report. 18 Apr. 1996: 38. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Thomas, Roger E. 10 steps to keep the children in your practice nonsmokers.American Family Physician. Aug. 1996: 450. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Breo, Dennis L. Kicking Butts-AMA, Joe Camel and the Black Flag war ontobacco. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association. 29Oct. 1993: 1978. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996.

Life or Death free essay sample

A detailed paper about physician assisted suicide (euthanasia). Makes reference to laws, specific cases from Dr. Kevorkian, and much more. This paper argues that euthanasia, otherwise known as assisted suicide, is terribly wrong and immoral. However, there are times, the argument claims, such as when a patient is terminally ill, where the practice could be justified. A close look is taken at Dr. Jack Kevorkians career, with specific attention paid to a number of his patients. The paper criticizes some of the patients deaths, while justifying others. Finally, new individual state laws on the matter are briefly discussed. Taking someones life is murder and is not founded unless the person dies on their own and in their own time. This woman was not going to die from her condition. She was in no physical pain and was not hurting anyone else. She in no way had the right to take her own life through Kevorkian. We will write a custom essay sample on Life or Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Life or Death free essay sample Some of my earliest memories are of my grandmother and me. I had always thought about her being here for my high school graduation, my wedding, and every other important milestone I may face. That fantasy was shattered by the news that she had cancer. Growing up, I spent many a weekend at my grandma’s house. We made cookies and bread from scratch, something my mom never did. Being the only grandchild that still qualified as an actual child, I lapped up all the attention I got from her. Of course, as an only child I had my parents’ attention too, but they also had to discipline me, my grandmother’s only concern was loving me unconditionally. By the time I was in high school, my grandma had moved in with my aunt and uncle, not out of necessity but just to make her life easier. I still went to stay with her during school breaks. We will write a custom essay sample on Life or Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though I could tell she was getting older, and in the back of my mind knew that she wasn’t going to live for eternity, I always focused on the now. During one of these trips, she was having trouble seeing out of one eye and had made an appointment to see her doctor. While everyone around me kept talking about how it was probably nothing these reassurances had the opposite of the desired effect. I felt more worried and conscious of everything my grandmother did. A few weeks after the visit I came home from working and was told that my parents had some ‘news’ to tell me. My grandma had been to several doctors appointments since the initial one about her eyesight and while that was no longer an issue, another thing was. They had found a spot on her lung that, as I later found out, was cancer. My parents said we could talk about the news after dinner, but I couldn’t eat, I was so anxious to hear what was happening. When they told me that she had cancer, I was numb for a long time. Since I didn’t see her as often as I once did, it was easy to put it out of my mind. As I realized that this wasn’t something I could run from, I was forced to deal with the harsh realities of life. I didn’t always deal with the emotions of possibly losing my grandmother in a good way. I let my grades slip even more than they already were and frankly didn’t even really care anymore. I finally forced myself to get up in the morning and do better in my life. While it seemed that my life was collapsing around me, I knew that I had to stick it out no matter how hard it got. My whole high school career has been a test of my strength and perseverance, but these months in particular proved to be the hardest of my entire life. I am more determined than ever to fulfill my hopes and dreams and not let anything get in the way.

Sugar essays

Sugar essays I thought the performance of the actors and actresses in the play Sugar was an electricifying and exciting piece of theatre performance. Although, my theatre experience is limited to attending live performances, I so really enjoyed myself at the theatre. The personal exchange of chemistry between performer and audience was magical and left me with sheer excitement and amusement for live theatre. It created a special relationship to my spirit, Theatre the lively art. Though the atmosphere was just a final dress rehearsal for opening night, it felt as if it was opening night to me. Being in the outdoors, inside the amphitheatre, on a beautiful spring night with a chill in the air, reminded me of Chicago the Windy City. When the curtains were open and the lights came on it seem as if the stage came to life, with all of the performers bringing their characters alive. The very air itself moved with the electricity of expectation from scene to scene. All of the performers onstage presented their character in dramatic action and moved in ways that convey an image of the person they were portraying. The transformation which took place between the performer and character was amazing for my eyes to behold. One of my favorite performers and they were a few, was Deane Calvin who played Sweet Sue. In addition to her native talent, Ms. Calvin was poised and had a present of authority onstage with her character. She used both her voice and physical training with flexibility and control. Ms. Calvin was able to make her voice heard in a large theatre even when speaking in a regular tone. Also, Ms. Calvin created believability and showed lots of emotional truth to the character she was portraying. I believe Ms. Calvin expressed the emotion and thoughts of how Sweet Sue was thinking and feeling when it came to running her business in the prohibition time of the 20s. Another performer that caught my attenti ...

Islam Compared to the Orthodox Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Islam Compared to the Orthodox Church - Essay Example The essay "Islam Compared to the Orthodox Church" talks about the two religions - Islam and Orthodox comparing their beliefs and origin. The history of Islam includes Prophet Muhammad striving for a society in which the Arabs, who were a divided nation who indulged in several vices, to be united into one nation. And that was his mission and he is the role model and founder of Islam, creating unity and the belief in a dole God and the establishment of laws according to this belief. This movement has led to a vast fraternity over the years, to become a Muslim brotherhood. He also believed that morals and values should be simple and everyone should be able to follow them and this made life easier for the Arabs to accept this new religion. The Muslims were to believe in something credible and it was easy to accept his religion. On the other hand, the Orthodox Christians had to believe in a miracle, and the Incarnation of Jesus Christ who was the son of God, which was beyond the limitations of the human mind. It is his belief that wine becomes Divine Blood as you consume it even in Church and bread is the ‘Lord’s Risen Body.’ There is no such aspect in Islam to believe in the miraculous aspect of this, even though there have been many miracles in Islam as well. There is no aspect of veneration even though there are saints that are heard of in Islam as well, but not as commonly in Christianity. Holy Prophet simply conveyed God’s message to the Muslims and they had to commit to him and follow him.

Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in the Workplace and the World Essay

Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in the Workplace and the World - Essay Example 151). As such, case studies are a valuable tool to gauge the ethical behavior of a company and to determine what course of action should be taken as future events dictate. PhramaCare is a factitious company, yet the situation presented can be considered likely to happen to almost any type of company, anywhere in the world. This paper will detail various ethical issues ranging from the treatment of indigenous populations to the methods of handling and dealing with whistleblowers. All the while, decisions made will be analyzed and potential consequences discussed. PharmaCare’s Treatment of Colberia’s Indigenous Population Regardless of the economic or political reasons governing a firm’s entry into another country, they have the ethical responsibility to act in the best interests of their host. In this case, PharmaCARE failed to abide by this code of responsible conduct. While there has always and will always be a disparity of wealth existent in the world, PharmaCA RE’s lack of compassion in dealing with the indigenous population of Colberia is particularly egregious. Rather than doing their small part in raising the standard of living among the people, they succeeded at continuing to keep the people of the country mired in poverty while they reaped the benefits. A responsible company sees their employees as partners, and even shareholders. As they contribute to the success of the company, they should be properly compensated. Naturally, few would argue that the people of Colberia should receive the same wage as those in the Western world, but they are certainly entitled more than $1 a day, particularly given the backbreaking work they were partaking in. In the end, however, there is little wrong with the executives of PharmaCARE living in luxurious compounds in Colberia. This is a standard practice with international corporations, as many employees leave their home country for years at a time, so they are granted living conditions simil ar to those that they are used to. This is does not excuse, however, the unethical treatment in terms of salaries and working conditions that the company was engaging in. Actions To Take Against Donna, Tom, and Ayesha Deciding to fire workers is often a painful decision, and one that potentially carries legal ramifications. Since New Jersey is not a right to work state, the situation becomes a bit more muddled. Without having the benefit of reading the contracts of employment for each respective employee, it is difficult to make a determination as to the legality of these particular firings, but in essence they could be termed legal. Donna had begun to develop poor attendance records and, even though she made the claim that it was due to mold in the work environment, Allen could argue otherwise. By properly documenting reported absences, if Donna lacks adequate proof the work environment causing her absentee rate to rise, the firing may be legally justified. It is also generally acc epted that companies can protect their reputation against employees who set out to damage it in the public. If the claims made by Tom end up being true, he would certainly have a case against an unjust termination. Barring that, however, Allen would likely prevail in a legal proceeding based on the comments he would make about the company in public. Likewise, Ayesha would need to prove that she was fired based on religious discrimination. If Allen can prove otherwise and demonstrate a history of poor performance, once again he could justify the legal

Contracting with the Federal Government Term Paper

Contracting with the Federal Government - Term Paper Example Contracting by Simplified Acquisition Procedures, FAR 13 This rule involves the government purchase of tools that are less than the value of $150,000. The government purchase of this equipment is considered micro purchases. The involved procedures do not require competitive bids or quotes and the involved agencies can buy through credit cards or the Government Purchase Card. In addition, it is not necessary to involve the procurement officer. However, most of the government purchases are in this category since most of the products purchased do not involve a lot of money. An example is the government purchase of office equipment such as chairs, tables, and computers. This category comprises of more than 70 per cent of all government purchase dealings. According to government statistics, this category involved a total sum of $19 billion dollars. The increase in government transaction in this category is because the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act made several amendments to the act thus eliminating limitations on government purchases under $150,000. This means that agencies can be allowed to use abridged processes for soliciting and assessing bids worth up to $150,000. However, it is mandatory for the government agencies to publicize all deliberate procurements over $25,000 according to Federal Business Opportunities or on the government website, which enlists all the available procurement opportunities. One main advantage of this easy purchase processes is that they require fewer governmental details, less endorsement levels, and fewer documentation. However, these procedures require all the government procurements above $3,000, but under $150,000, to be kept back for small companies. in addition, the small businesses has to apply for the purchases except if the assigned agent cannot get proposals from two or more minor businesses who are competitive on price, quality and distribution (Government Contracting 101; Worthington & Goldsman, 1998). Contracting by Negotiation, FAR 15 This government rule requires that the government agencies to use negotiation as a contracting method. In order to do this, the federal agencies have to issue a request for proposal (RFP) or Request for Information (RFI) or Invitation for Bid (IFB).  Unlike the previous rule, this rule allows for, communications, Clarifications, and discussions  in the selection procedure and the government might permit for last proposal amendments.  In order for a company to be selected, some factors such as best value and trade-off processes are evaluated. This occurs depending with the interest of the government to contemplate issues other than the lowermost price or utmost technical rating, or the lowermost price that is technically appropriate source for selection, where the solicitation highlights the marginally suitable standards and the selection is founded on a price assessment amongst all suitable bids.  This rule applies mostly to contracts above $150,000, and extremely technical products and services are being pursued (Worthington & Goldsman, 1998). Contracting by Sealed Bidding, FAR 14 The Contracting by Sealed Bidding as described by the rule consist of making and advertising an invitation for bids (IFB). It also involves receiving the proposals, opening them openly, assessing them without negotiations with the bidders, and giving the agreement to the accountable and responsive bidder founded on price and